Honeywell 10105/2/1 VVVF變頻、矢量控制變頻、直接轉(zhuǎn)矩控制變頻都是交-直-交變頻中的一種。其共同缺點是輸入功率因數(shù)低,諧波電流大,直流電路需要大的儲能電容,再生能量又不能反饋回電網(wǎng),即不能進行四象限運行。為此,矩陣式交-交變頻應(yīng)運而生。由于矩陣式交-交變頻省去了中間直流環(huán)節(jié),從而省去了體積大、價格貴的電解電容。它能實現(xiàn)功率因數(shù)為l,輸入電流為正弦且能四象限運行,系統(tǒng)的功率密度大。該技術(shù)目前雖尚未成熟,但仍吸引著眾多的學(xué)者深入研究。其實質(zhì)不是間接的控制電流、磁鏈等量,而是把轉(zhuǎn)矩直接作為被控制量來實現(xiàn)的。具體方法是:
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——控制定子磁鏈引入定子磁鏈觀測器,實現(xiàn)無速度傳感器方式;
——自動識別(ID)依靠的電機數(shù)學(xué)模型,對電機參數(shù)自動識別;
——算出實際值對應(yīng)定子阻抗、互感、磁飽和因素、慣量等算出實際的轉(zhuǎn)矩、定子磁鏈、轉(zhuǎn)子速度進行實時控制;
——實現(xiàn)Band—Band控制按磁鏈和轉(zhuǎn)矩的Band-Band控制產(chǎn)生PWM信號,對逆變器開關(guān)狀態(tài)進行控制。
矩陣式交—交變頻具有快速的轉(zhuǎn)矩響應(yīng)(<2ms),很高的速度精度(±2%,無PG反饋),高轉(zhuǎn)矩精度(<+3%);同時還具有較高的起動轉(zhuǎn)矩及高轉(zhuǎn)矩精度,尤其在低速時(包括0速度時),可輸出150%~200%轉(zhuǎn)矩。
3 變頻器控制方式的合理選用
控制方式是決定變頻器使用性能的關(guān)鍵所在。目前市場上低壓通用變頻器品牌很多,包括歐、美、日及產(chǎn)的共約50多種。選用變頻器時不要認為檔次越高越好,而要按負載的特性,以滿足使用要求為準,以便做到量才使用、經(jīng)濟實惠。表1中所列參數(shù)供選用時參考。 4 轉(zhuǎn)矩控制型變頻器的選型及相關(guān)問題
基于調(diào)速方便、節(jié)能、運行可靠的優(yōu)點,變頻調(diào)速器已逐漸替代傳統(tǒng)的變極調(diào)速、電磁調(diào)速和調(diào)壓調(diào)速方式。在推出PWM磁通矢量控制的變頻器數(shù)年后,1998年末又出現(xiàn)采用DTC控制技術(shù)的變頻器。ABB公司的ACS600系列是代采用DTC技術(shù)的變頻器,它能夠用開環(huán)方式對轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩進行準確控制,而且動態(tài)和靜態(tài)指標(biāo)已優(yōu)于PWM閉環(huán)控制指標(biāo)。
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